What can we learn from other nations about the problem of wrongful conviction?However, there are also problems with storing something new. This usually occurs simply because the person concerned is not paying attention.
Our changeable memories slide show
Unit V Research PresentationMost individuals are very confident in the accuracy of their memories. Many witnesses argue that they can recall events without missing one detail. However, research purports that our memories are not as reliable as they might seem. These malleable memories can be influenced by leading questions and creative imaginations.Go to the Academic OneFile database in the CSU Online Library, and search for the following article by Elizabeth Loftus (2003) on memories:Loftus, E. (2003). Our changeable memories: Legal and practical implications. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 231-234. Retrieved from Academic OneFile database.Read the article, and create a PowerPoint slide presentation to share your findings.Note: Present your research using the article as well as the scientific theories covered in this unit. Please integrate your personal opinion on this topic as well.Your slide presentation should contain a minimum of eight slides. Do not limit your information strictly to the article by Loftus and the textbook. You may use additional sources as well. Be creative in your presentation. Do not forget to include a title slide and citation slide. These slides are not counted in your total slide count. All sources used, including the textbook and article, must be referenced. Paraphrased and quoted material must have citations as well.Wade, C., & Tavris, C. (2011). Psychology (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Author(s): Elizabeth Loftus [1]
Memories are precious. They give us identity. They create a shared past that bonds us with family and friends. They seem fixed, like concrete, so that if you ‘stepped’ on them they would still be there as they always were.
But memories are not fixed. Everyday experience tells us that they can be lost, but they can also be drastically changed or even created. Inaccurate memories can sometimes be as compelling and ‘real’ as an accurate memory. In this article, I discuss the ways in which memories can be reshaped and their implications for the legal system. If we cannot believe our own memories, how can we know whether the memories of a victim or a witness are accurate?
Remaking memories
We are all familiar with temporary memory problems. “I can’t remember the right word,” says a colleague at a cocktail party. “Is it senility?” I reply: “Can you remember the word later?” And the usual answer will be yes, proving that the information was not lost, but only temporarily unavailable. Retrieval problems are common.
However, there are also problems with storing something new. This usually occurs simply because the person concerned is not paying attention. But some people are unable to store new information even if they are paying attention and have the opportunity to repeat the new information over and over again — several hours later, it is gone. Such people, including patients with Alzheimer’s disease, might not even complain about ‘losing their memory’ because they do not realize that anything is missing [1].
More insidiously, memories can become scrambled, sometimes in the process of attempting to retrieve something. You might relate a story to a friend but unwittingly include some mistaken details. Later, as you attempt to recall the episode, you might come across your memory of the scrambled recall attempt instead of your original memory. Memory is malleable. It is not, as is commonly thought, like a museum piece sitting in a display case. “Memory is,” as the Uruguayan novelist Eduardo Galeano once said, “born every day, springing from the past, and set against it.” [2]
Usually the scrambled memory does not matter very much. But if you are an eyewitness to a crime, your scrambled recall could send someone to prison. And, rather than feeling hesitant, you might feel perfectly sure of the truth of your memory. The history of the United States justice system, like those of other countries, is littered with wrongful convictions made on the basis of mistaken memories [3]. Huff recently estimated [4] that about 7,500 people arrested for serious crimes were wrongly convicted in the United States in 1999. He further noted that the rate is thought to be much lower in Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many other nations, especially those that have established procedures for reviewing cases involving the potential of wrongful conviction.
Ronald Cotton, a North Carolina prisoner who was convicted in 1986 of raping a 22-year-old college student, Jennifer Thompson, puts a human face on these cases. Thompson stood up on the stand, put her hand on the Bible and swore to tell the truth. On the basis of her testimony, Cotton was sentenced to prison for life. Eventually, DNA testing — which began 11 years after Thompson had first identified Cotton — proved his innocence. Another man, Bobby Poole, pleaded guilty to the crime [3].
Faulty memory is not just about picking the wrong person. Memory problems were also evident during the sniper attacks that killed ten people in the Washington DC area in 2002 (see for example, Ref. 5). Witnesses reported seeing a white truck or van fleeing several of the crime scenes. It seems that a white vehicle might have been near one of the first shootings and media repetition of this information contaminated the memories of witnesses to later attacks, making them more likely to remember white trucks. When caught, the sniper suspects were driving a blue car. Were we observing unwitting memory contamination on a nationwide scale?
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